American Culture And Business Culture - 1719 Words

Introduction This report consists of the issues on whether it can or cannot be argued that culture shapes the way business is done in a country. The country that is focused in this report is America. It also discusses on the major distinguishing features of American culture and business culture in comparison to current Australian culture. The impact that culture has on business performance is also taken into consideration and how this affects the performance of the staff members and their work. In addition, this report also includes concepts where Australia as a country could maybe adopt ways of American business culture or develop on the existing culture. The purpose of this report is to develop a fair understanding on various cultures†¦show more content†¦Exactly as Cultures far and wide have affected American society, today American society impacts the world. As the third largest nation on the planet with a population of more than 315 Million, the United States is the most socially va ried nation on the planet. Australian society then again is altogether different to that of American society. For example, Australians are not as devoted as Americans. A portion of the patriotism could be ascribed to the noteworthy exhibit of American accomplishments that incorporates landing on the moon, taking a heading part in stopping Nazi Germany, designing the web and winning 30% of Nobel prizes. Then again, in Australia patriotism is been considered as a negative idea in a few viewpoints. However, Australians demonstrate their appreciation by directing ANZAC days for officers and many others. A standout amongst the most vital distinction that I have generally perceived is the society contrast in Universities. Australian colleges are more subject to government for examination subsidizing, which has delivered as learned society characterized by promotion as opposed to interest. Additionally, of course, few individuals inside the colleges see any issues with Australia s intelligent surroundings as helping the poor rankings. For example, when clarifying Australia s low positioning in 2014, University of Melbourne vice-chancellor Glyn Davis credited them to the cuts on government financing. The

Ways to Establish a Small Business Essay - 1182 Words

In this modern era, being smart academically, having a bachelor or master title cannot guarantee a person from having a good job with a good salary. Some people dont satisfy with their current work because they think that the salary is small and they should deserve more, no wonder there are many people work in places that are very contrast with their study in the past. Nowadays there are many independent businesses running both online and offline such as online shops, restaurant, saloon, etc. Some may think that it is just a part-time job to have an extra salary, but the truth is, we can get a large amount of incomes if we have a good management skill. Establishing a small business can be easy or hard depending on the persons capability,†¦show more content†¦Desires that entrepreneurs possesses can be used as motivations for establishing the business. (â€Å"7 Langkah Membuat Usaha Sendiri†, 2012) desires that a person possesses may be a short-term such as successfull y establish the business, have clients, to be known by many people or a long-term desire such as having an increasing income every year. The next crucial thing that needs to be looked at is managing budget for the soon to established business. A good businessman should be able to calculate on how much money he or she would spend his or her career. In many cases an amateur businessman tends to miscalculate the budget, and ended up getting no profit at all. For beginners, there are many ways to obtain enough budgets to start a business. A small business may require small amount of budget ( two to tem millions) and it is possible to obtain the money from his or her own savings.(â€Å"tips mengawali usaha dengan modal kecil, 2013) on the other hand, if the business budget requires a lot of money, it is wise to ask for a loan from close friends, family, or even bank. Some people may think that asking for a loan is somewhat inappropriate, so another way to acquire the budget is to cooperate with someone else, in other word having two founders in one business, and automatically the budget will be split in to two. (â€Å"Li ma cara memulai usaha dari bawah†, 2013) After the budgeting is complete,Show MoreRelatedSummary : Big Data Analysis Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesimproving efficiency of business, market trends, customer’s preferences, information of competitors, and other useful business information. According to the IT Glossary, â€Å"Big Data is high-volume, high-velocity, and high-variety information assets that demand cost-effective, innovative forms of information processing for enhanced insight and decision making.† In other words, it is an abundant array of information used to acquire insights and make business decisions. 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Marketers need studies that will provide them with customer and market awareness for specific marketing situation and decisions. Marketing research allows marketers to understand their customer’s motivation, behavior and their fulfillment. 4c. Explain why is it important for managers to define the problem and establish research objectives? It is important for managers to define the problem and establish research objectives because the problem and

Wankel Engine free essay sample

The Wankel engine, invented by German engineer Felix Wankel, is a type of internal combustion engine which uses a rotary design to convert pressure into a rotating motion instead of using reciprocating pistons. Its four-stroke cycle takes place in a space between the inside of an oval-like epitrochoid-shaped housing and a rotor that is similar in shape to a Reuleaux triangle but with sides that are somewhat flatter.This design delivers smooth high-rpm power from a compact size. Since its introduction the engine has been commonly referred to as the rotary engine, though this name is also applied to several completely different designs. He began its development in the early 1950s at NSU Motorenwerke AG (NSU) before completing a working, running prototype in 1957. NSU then licensed the concept to companies around the world, which have continued to improve the design. In the Wankel engine, the four strokes of a typical Otto cycle occur in the space between a three-sided symmetric rotor and the inside of a housing, although the Wankel cycle differs from Otto cycle in the duration of the expansion part of cycle, that is much longer (Columbia). In the basic single-rotor Wankel engine, the oval-like epitrochoid-shaped housing surrounds a rotor which is triangular with bow-shaped flanks (often confused with a Reuleaux triangle,[14] a three-pointed urve of constant width, but with the bulge in the middle of each side a bit more flattened While a four-stroke piston engine makes one combustion stroke per cylinder for every two rotations of the crankshaft (that is, one-half power stroke per crankshaft rotation per cylinder), each combustion chamber in the Wankel generates one combustion stroke per each driveshaft rotation, i. e. one power stroke per rotor orbital revolution and three power strokes per rotor rotation.Thus, power output of a Wankel engine is generally higher than that of a four-stroke piston engine of similar engine displacement in a similar state of tune; and higher than that of a four-stroke piston engine of similar physical dimensions and weight. Engineering Felix Wankel managed to overcome most of the problems that made previous rotary engines fail by developing a configuration with vane seals that could be made of more durable materials than piston ring metal that led to the failure of previous rotary designs.Rotary engines have a thermodynamic problem not found in reciprocating four-stroke engines in that their cylinder block operates at steady state, with intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust occurring at fixed housing locations for all cylinders. In contrast, reciprocating engines perform these four strokes in one chamber, so that extremes of freezing intake and flaming exhaust are averaged and shielded by a boundary layer from overheating working parts.The boundary layer shields and the oil film act as thermal insulation, leading to a low temperature of the lubricating film (max. ~200 Â °C/400 Â °F) on a water-cooled Wankel engine. This gives a more constant surface temperature. The temperature around the spark plug is about the same as the temperature in the combustion chamber of a reciprocating engine. With circumferential or axial flow cooling, the temperature difference remains tolerable. Four-stroke reciprocating engines are less suitable for hydrogen. The hydrogen can misfire on hot parts like the exhaust valve and spark plugs. Another problem concerns the hydrogenate attack on the lubricating film in reciprocating engines. In a Wankel engine, this problem is circumvented by using a ceramic apex seal against a ceramic surface: there is no oil film to suffer hydrogenate attack. Since ceramic piston rings are not available as of 2009, the problem remains with the reciprocating engine. The piston shell must be lubricated and cooled with oil.This substantially increases the lubricating oil consumption in a four-stroke hydrogen engine. Materials Unlike a piston engine, where the cylinder is cooled by the incoming charge after being heated by combustion, Wankel rotor housings are constantly heated on one side and cooled on the other, leading to high local temperatures and unequal thermal expansion. While this places high demands on the materials used, the simplicity of the Wankel makes it easier to use alternative materials like exotic alloys and ceramics.With water cooling in a radial or axial flow direction, with the hot water from the hot bow heating the cold bow, the thermal expansion remains tolerable. Sealing Early engine designs had a high incidence of sealing loss, both between the rotor and the housing and also between the various pieces making up the housing. Also, in earlier model Wankel engines carbon particles could become trapped between the seal and the casing, jamming the engine and requiring a partial rebuild.It was common for very early Mazda engines to require rebuilding after 50,000 miles (80,000 km). This can be prevented in older Mazda engines by always allowing the engine to reach operating temperature. Modern Wankel engines have not had these problems for many years. Further sealing problems arise from the uneven thermal distribution within the housings causing distortion and loss of sealing and compression. This thermal distortion also causes uneven wear between the apex seal and the rotor housing, quite evident on higher mileage engines.Attempts have been made to normalize the temperature of the housings, minimizing the distortion, with different coolant circulation patterns and housing wall thicknesses. Fuel consumption and emissions Just as the shape of the Wankel combustion chamber is resistant to preignition and will run on lower-octane rating gasoline than a comparable piston engine, it also leads to relatively incomplete combustion of the air-fuel charge, with a larger amount of unburned hydrocarbons released into the exhaust.The exhaust is, however, relatively low in NOx emissions; this allowed Mazda to meet the United States Clean Air Act of 1970 in 1973 with a simple and inexpensive thermal reactor (an enlarged open chamber in the exh aust manifold) by paradoxically enriching the air-fuel ratio to the point where the unburned hydrocarbons (HC) in the exhaust would support complete combustion in the thermal reactor; while piston-engine cars required expensive catalytic converters to deal with both unburned hydrocarbons and NOx emissions.Advantages Wankel engines are considerably simpler, lighter, and contain far fewer moving parts than piston engines of equivalent power output. For instance, because valving is accomplished by simple ports cut into the walls of the rotor housing, they have no valves or complex valve trains; in addition, since the rotor rides directly on a large bearing on the output shaft, there are no connecting rods and there is no crankshaft. The elimination of reciprocating mass and the elimination of the most highly stressed and failure prone parts of piston engines gives the Wankel engine high reliability, a smoother flow of power, and a high power-to-weight ratio. The surface/volume-ratio problem is so complex that one cannot make a direct comparison between a reciprocating piston engine and a Wankel engine in terms of the surface/volume-ratio. The flow velocity and the heat losses behave quite differently.Surface temperatures behave absolutely differently; the film of oil in the Wankel engine acts as insulation. Engines with a higher compression ratio have a worse surface/volume-ratio. Due to a 50% longer stroke duration compared to a four-cycle engine, there is more time to complete the combustion. This leads to greater suitability for direct injection. A Wankel rotary engine has stronger flows of air-fuel mixture and a longer operating cycle than a reciprocating engine, so it realizes concomitantly thorough mixing of hydrogen and air.The result is a homogeneous mixture, which is crucial for hydrogen combustion. Disadvantages Although in two dimensions the seal system of a Wankel looks to be even simpler than that of a corresponding multi-cylinder piston engine, in three dimensions the opposite is true. As well as the rotor apex seals evident in the conceptual diagram, the rotor must also seal against the chamber ends. Piston rings are not perfect seals: each has a gap to allow for expansion.The sealing at the Wankel apexes is less critical, as leakage is between adjacent chambers on adjacent strokes of the cycle, rather than to the crankcase. However, the less effective sealing of the Wankel is one factor reducing its efficiency, confining its success mainly to applications such as racing engines and sports vehicles where neither efficiency nor long engine life are major considerations. The time available for fuel to be port-injected into a Wankel engine is significantly shorter, compared to four-stroke piston engines, due to the way the three chambers rotate. The fuel-air mixture cannot be pre-stored as there is no intake valve. Also the Wankel engine, compared to a piston engine, has 50% longer stroke duration. The four Otto cycles last 1080Â ° for a Wankel engine versus 720Â ° for a four-stroke reciprocating piston engine.

Slavery in Colonial America free essay sample

As the colonies of America developed, the slave trade also flourished. Unknown at the time, the colonist involvement in this trade would have monumental effects on America. First, slavery increased American participation in the triangular trade, but also stunted Southern industry. Second, slavery led to an ultimate feeling of white supremacy and plantations that defined life in the South. The slave trade had vast consequences on the economy and society of Colonial America.To begin with, the use of slaves greatly impacted the economy of the colonies. Southern colonies thrived from crops such as tobacco and rice that were physically demanding and tough to grow. However, African workers seemed to be able to handle the conditions and even had experience with the crops. This caused an increase in Southern production Of cash crops and ultimately led to a lack of industry. The triangular trade was also a worldwide phenomenon as a part of slavery. We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery in Colonial America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As demand for slaves grew, Americans increased trade with the West Indies. This established more markets for colonial goods to be exported to as well as an increase in trading and merchants. The economic situation of the colonies resulted significantly from slavery. On the other hand, the society of Colonial America was also directly affected by slavery. At first, the status of Africans was not clear. By the eighteenth century, however, whites assumed blacks were to work for life, and they began passing slave codes to limit their rights.This allowed Europeans to define themselves as a superior race, not only to Africans, but also in issues involving Natives or other races of color. The organization of slave labor also resulted in the rise of plantations in the South. These plantations led to self- contained communities that often grew to include schools and chapels. This created a stratified society where the white plantation owners controlled the livelihood of slaves and even small farmers in their communities. For these seasons, slave labor shaped the social structure of the colonies. In conclusion, the consequences of slavery greatly impacted the society and economy of America. Slave labor increased the production of large scale crops and trade with other parts of the world. Whites claimed supremacy and came to rule over the plantations they created. During the seventeenth and eighteenth century, slavery was just a system of labor. However, it grew to be a way of life that shaped America for centuries to come.